Searching chromosome mosaicisms in 45, X Turner syndrome: how relevant is it?

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the presence of chromosome mosaicism, especially for the presence of Y derived material in 45,X women with Turner syndrome (TS). Materials and methods: FISH and PCR were performed for the presence of chromosome mosaicism and Y-derived-material and genetic findings were correlated to clinical data. Results: Thirty-one participants were enrolled: 18 (58%) had chromosome mosaicisms (FISH), Y-derived material was found in 2. Yet, SRY primer was found with PCR in only one of them and DYZ3 was not found. The most frequent clinical findings were short or webbed neck (81,82%), high-arched palate (78%), breast hypertelorism, e cubitus valgus and genu valgus (57.6%, both), short fourth metacarpals (46.9%), epicanthic folds (43.8%), shield chest (43.8%), lymphedema (37.5%), and low set ears (34.4%). Both patients with Y-derived-material had primary amenorrhea, dyslipidemia and reached the height of 150 cm despite not treated with recombinant growth hormone (GHr). One of them showed 26% of leukocytes with Y-derived material and few clinical findings. Conclusions: FISH techniques proved efficient in detecting chromosome mosaicisms and Y-derived material and searching in different tissues such as mouth cells is critical due to the possibility of tissue-specific mosaicism. Phenotypical variance in TS may be a signal of chromosome mosaicisms, especially with the presence of Y-derived material.

HER2/neu status in breast cancer specimens: comparison of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods / Estado del HER2/neu en especímenes con cáncer de mama: comparación entre los métodos de inmunohistoquímica (IHC) y fluorescencia de hibridación in situ (FISH)

HER2 amplification or overexpression is considered as disease outcome and a predictive marker of response to treatment in breast cancer. The present study aimed to compare the results of IHC and FISH for determining HER2 and to search the interpretational differences. Samples (n= 169), of which 31 were the paraffin blocks sent from outer centers, that underwent FISH analysis for HER-2 were included. Samples were re-reviewed by IHC in our laboratory. FISH test was negative in 131 (77.5%) and positive in 38 (22.5%). When those with previous IHC 0-1+ were re-reviewed, the results were found again 0-1+ and none of them was FISH positive. Inconsistency between re-reviewed IHC and previous IHC results was 25% for those with 2+ score and 11% for those with 3+ score. Consistency between IHC and FISH was 17% and 67% for previous IHC 2+ and 3+, respectively, whereas it was 23% and %75 for re-reviewed IHC 2+ and 3+, respectively. Whilst 79% of the samples evaluated as 2+ by the inexperienced pathologist were found to be 0-1+ on the re-review, all of them were FISH negative. According to our results, we suggest that samples with IHC 2+ should be re-reviewed by consulting with an experienced pathologist.

La amplificación o sobreexpresión de HER2 es un marcador predictivo de la respuesta al tratamiento en el cáncer de mama y es considerada como resultado de esta patología. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar los resultados de IHC y FISH para la determinación de HER2 y buscar diferencias de interpretación. Las muestras (n= 169), de las cuales 31 eran bloques de parafina, fueron enviadas desde centros externos y sometidas a análisis FISH para HER-2. Las muestras fueron revisadas en nuestro laboratorio con la prueba IHC. La prueba FISH resultó negativa en 131 casos (77,5%) y positiva en 38 (22,5%). Cuando se re-examinaron aquellos casos con resultados previos de IHC 0-1+, se encontró que los resultados fueron iguales (0-1+) y ninguno de ellos fue positivo para FISH. Se encontró inconsistencia entre los casos previos y las nuevas revisiones con IHC y fueron del 25% para aquellos casos con puntuación 2+ y del 11% para aquellos con 3+ de puntuación. La consistencia entre IHC y FISH fue del 17% y del 67% para casos previos analizados con IHC 2+ y 3+, respectivamente, mientras que fue de 23% y 75% para los reanalizados con IHC 2+ y 3+, respectivamente. Mientras que en el 79% de las muestras evaluadas con puntuación 2+ por patólogo inexperto resultaron ser 0-1 + con la nueva revisión, todos estos casos fueron FISH negativos. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, sugerimos que las muestras con puntuación 2+ de IHC deben ser re-evaluadas por un patólogo experimentado.

Subtelomeric region of chromosome 2 in patients with autism spectrum disorders

Autism spectrum disorders are severe psychiatric diseases commonly identified in the population. They are diagnosed during childhood and the etiology has been much debated due to their variations and complexity. Onset is early and characterized as communication and social interaction disorders and as repetitive and stereotyped behavior. Austistic disorders may occur together with various genetic and chromosomal diseases. Several chromosomal regions and genes are implicated in the predisposition for these diseases, in particular those with products expressed in the central nervous system. There are reports of autistic and mentally handicapped patients with submicroscopic subtelomeric alterations at the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 2. Additionally, there is evidence that alterations at 2q37 cause brain malformations that result in the autistic phenotype. These alterations are very small and not identified by routine cytogenetics to which patients are normally submitted, which may result in an underestimation of the diagnosis. This study aimed at evaluating the 2q37 region in patients with autistic disorders. Twenty patients were studied utilizing the fluorescence in situ hybridization technique with a specific probe for 2q37. All of them were also studied by the GTC banding technique to identify possible chromosomal diseases. No alterations were observed in the 2q37 region of the individuals studied, and no patient presented chromosomal diseases. This result may be due to the small sample size analyzed. The introduction of routine analysis of the 2q37 region for patients with autistic disorders depends on further studies.

Prenatal diagnosis by FISH technique in fetal cystic hygromas

Background: Cystic hygromas is a common abnormal event in obstetrics ultrasound, which is induced by a chromosome disorder; it is also one of the major causes inducing fetus\u2019s congenital malformation. Objective: Determining chromosomal aberration in nuchal cystic hygromas by FISH technique and outcomes the value of factors in prognosis fetuses with cystic hygroma. Subject and methods: 53 fetuses with cystic hygroma, which are detected by ultrasound scan, are analyzed by FISH technique. Compare results of FISH, band G chromosomal analysis, ultrasonographic abnormalities, followed the fetuses. Results: Chromosomal and FISH analysis give the same detection: abnormal chromosomes: 75.46%, the highest rate is Turner syndrome: 50.94%, normal chromosome: 24.53%. Abnormal chromosomal fetuses: multi-malformation, grim prognosis. Cystic hygroma with other malformation in scan: high rate chromosomal aberrations and septated hygroma, Turner syndrome fetuses have large cystic hygroma, 4/6 fetuses with normal chromosome and without other abnormal result scan have resolutions of hygroma in the second trimester, normal birth. Conclusions: Abnormal chromosomes: 75.46%. Prognosis is grim: abnormal chromosomes, other malformations in scan, large cystic, septated hygroma. Prognosis is better: normal chromosomes, without other ultrasonographic abnormalities, small cystic, nonseptated hygroma, resolution of cystic hygroma.